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NEW QUESTION # 54
What is an advantage of using WPA3-Personal instead of WPA2-Personal as a security solution for 802.11 networks?
- A. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a stronger authentication exchange to better secure the network
- B. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses an authentication exchange and WPA2-Personal does not
- C. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses AES for encryption and WPA2-Personal does not
- D. WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a better encryption algorithm than WPA2-Personal
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
An advantage of using WPA3-Personal instead of WPA2-Personal as a security solution for 802.11 networks is that WPA3-Personal, also called WPA3-SAE, uses a stronger authentication exchange to better secure the network. WPA3-Personal uses Simultaneous Authentication of Equals (SAE) as the key exchange protocol, which provides stronger protection against offline dictionary attacks and password guessing than WPA2-Personal. SAE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange with elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) to establish a pairwise master key (PMK) between the AP and the client without revealing it to any eavesdropper. SAE also provides forward secrecy, which means that if one PMK is compromised, it does not affect the security of other PMKs. WPA2-Personal uses Pre-Shared Key (PSK) as the key exchange protocol, which is vulnerable to offline brute-force attacks if the passphrase is weak or leaked. Both WPA3-Personal and WPA2-Personal use AES for encryption, so there is no difference in that aspect. WPA3-Personal does not use a different encryption algorithm than WPA2-Personal, but rather a different key exchange protocol. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-107], page 307; [CWNA:
Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-106], page 297.
NEW QUESTION # 55
You are troubleshooting a client issue on a Windows laptop. The laptop can see and connect to 2.4 GHz APs, but is does not even see 5 GHz APs. While evaluating the issue, you determine that this problem is happening for all of the laptops of this model in the organization. Several other tablets connect on channel 48 and channel 52 in the same work areas. What is the likely problem?
- A. The access points are configured to disallow 5 GHz.
- B. The clients are configured to use WPA and 5 GHz channels only support WPA2.
- C. The client drivers are faulty and should be upgraded.
- D. The antennas in the laptop have insufficient gain to detect the 5 GHz signals.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 56
In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered non-overlapping?
- A. 7 and 11
- B. 2 and 8
- C. 1 and 5
- D. 4 and 6
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 57
An RF signal sometimes bends as it passes through some material other than free space. What is the term that describes this behavior?
- A. Refraction
- B. Warping
- C. Scattering
- D. Reflection
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
Refraction is the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a different density than free space. This can cause the signal to change its direction and speed, which can affect the accuracy and reliability of wireless communication. Refraction is influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure12. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 72; CWNA-108 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Radio Frequency Fundamentals, page 67.
NEW QUESTION # 58
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)?
- A. Grid antennas ateach endpoint
- B. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions
- C. Minimum output power level of 2 W
- D. A minimum antenna gain of 11 dBi at both endpoints
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers) is a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical-shaped area around the line-of-sight path between two antennas that reflects and refracts the RF waves. The Fresnel Zone radius depends on the frequency of the RF signal and the distance between the antennas. For optimal performance, the Fresnel Zone should be at least 60% clear of any obstructions that may cause interference, attenuation, or multipath fading. The minimum output power level, antenna gain, and antenna type may vary depending on the environmental conditions and regulatory constraints, but they are not always required for a high quality RF link. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-107], page 75; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-106], page 65.
NEW QUESTION # 59
What is primary metric of scanning can stations use to select the best AP for connectivity to the desired BSS?
- A. Throughput speed in Mbps.
- B. Signal strength of access point beacons received
- C. PING latency when testing against an internet server
- D. FCS errors in frames transmitted to and from the AP.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 60
You are attempting to explain RF shadow and how it can cause lack of coverage. What common building item frequently causes RF shadow and must be accounted for in coverage plans?
- A. Carpeted floors
- B. Elevators
- C. Wooden doors
- D. Cubicle partitions
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
Elevators are a common building item that frequently causes RF shadow and must be accounted for in coverage plans. RF shadow is a term that describes an area where wireless signals are blocked or significantly weakened by an obstacle or an object that absorbs or reflects RF energy. RF shadow can cause lack of coverage or poor performance in a WLAN because wireless devices in those areas may not be able to communicate with access points or other devices. RF shadow can be mitigated by adjusting access point placement, antenna orientation, transmit power level, or channel selection to avoid or overcome the obstacle or object that causes it. Elevators are a common building item that frequently causes RF shadow because they are made of metal and they move up and down within a shaft. Metal is a material that has high attenuation and reflection values, which means it can block or bounce off wireless signals very effectively. A moving elevator can create dynamic RF shadow that changes depending on its position and direction. Therefore, elevators must be accounted for in coverage plans to ensure adequate WLAN coverage and performance throughout the facility. The other options are not common building items that frequently cause RF shadow or must be accounted for in coverage plans. Wooden doors are not likely to cause RF shadow because they are made of wood, which is a material that has low attenuation and reflection values, which means it can pass through or slightly weaken wireless signals. Carpeted floors are not likely to cause RF shadow because they are made of fabric, which is a material that has low attenuation and reflection values, which means it can pass through or slightly weaken wireless signals. Cubicle partitions are not likely to cause RF shadow because they are made of thin plastic or cardboard, which are materials that have low attenuation and reflection values, which means they can pass through or slightly weaken wireless signals. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 13:
Wireless LAN Site Surveys - Types & Processes , page 433
NEW QUESTION # 61
You recently purchased four laptops containing dual-band 802.11ac adapters. The laptops can connect to your
2.4 GHz network, but they cannot connect to the 5 GHz network. The laptops do not show the 5 GHz SSIds, which are different than the 2.4 GHz SSIDs. Existing devices can connect to the 5 GHz SSIDs with no difficulty. What is the likely problem?
- A. Faulty drivers
- B. Interference from non-Wi-Fi sources
- C. DoS attack
- D. Interference from other WLANs
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The likely problem that causes this scenario is faulty drivers. Drivers are software components that enable the communication between the operating system and the hardware devices, such as the wireless adapters. Faulty drivers can cause various issues with the wireless connectivity, such as not detecting or connecting to certain networks, dropping connections, or reducing performance. Faulty drivers can be caused by corrupted files, outdated versions, incompatible settings, or hardware defects. To fix faulty drivers, you can try to update, reinstall, or roll back the drivers, or contact the manufacturer for support. Interference from non-Wi-Fi sources, DoS attack, or interference from other WLANs are not likely to cause this scenario, as they would affect all devices in the same area, not just the new laptops. References: [CWNP Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-107], page 562; [CWNA: Certified Wireless Network Administrator Official Study Guide: Exam CWNA-106], page 532.
NEW QUESTION # 62
ABC Company has just purchased a 6 dBi patch antenna. After performing some tests with the 6 dBi antenna, they have concluded that more antenna gain is needed to cover their outdoor courtyard. When choosing an antenna with higher gain, what other antenna characteristic will also always change?
- A. VSWR Ratio
- B. Maximum input power
- C. Fresnel Zone size
- D. Beamwidth
- E. Impedance
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 63
What is required when operating 802.11ax APS in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication?
* VHT PHY
- A. HT PHY
- B. CCMP
- C. SAE
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
SAE (Simultaneous Authentication of Equals) is required when operating 802.11ax APs in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication. SAE is a secure and robust authentication method that is defined in the IEEE 802.11s amendment and is also known as WPA3-Personal or WPA3-SAE. SAE is based on a cryptographic technique called Dragonfly Key Exchange, which allows two parties to establish a shared secret key using a passphrase, without revealing the passphrase or the key to an eavesdropper or an attacker. SAE also provides forward secrecy, which means that if the passphrase or the key is compromised in the future, it does not affect the security of past communications.
SAE is required when operating 802.11ax APs in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication because of the new regulations and standards that apply to this band. The 6 GHz band is a new frequency band that was opened for unlicensed use by the FCC and other regulatory bodies in 2020. The 6 GHz band offers more spectrum and less interference than the existing 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, which can enable higher performance and efficiency for Wi-Fi devices. However, the 6 GHz band also has some restrictions and requirements that are different from the other bands, such as:
* The 6 GHz band is divided into two sub-bands: U-NII-5 (5925-6425 MHz) and U-NII-7 (6525-6875 MHz). The U-NII-5 sub-band is subject to DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) rules, which require Wi-Fi devices to monitor and avoid using channels that are occupied by radar systems or other primary users. The U-NII-7 sub-band is not subject to DFS rules, but it has a lower maximum transmit power limit than the U-NII-5 sub-band.
* The Wi-Fi devices that operate in the 6 GHz band are called 6E devices, which stands for Extended Spectrum. 6E devices must support 802.11ax technology, which is also known as Wi-Fi 6 or High Efficiency (HE). 802.11ax is a new standard that improves the performance and efficiency of Wi-Fi networks by using features such as OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple Input Multiple Output), BSS Coloring, TWT (Target Wake Time), and HE PHY and MAC enhancements.
* The 6E devices that operate in the 6 GHz band must also support WPA3 security, which is a new security protocol that replaces WPA2 and provides stronger encryption and authentication for Wi-Fi networks. WPA3 has two modes: WPA3-Personal and WPA3-Enterprise. WPA3-Personal uses SAE as its authentication method, which requires a passphrase to establish a secure connection between two devices. WPA3-Enterprise uses EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) as its authentication method, which requires a certificate or a credential to authenticate with a server.
Therefore, SAE is required when operating 802.11ax APs in the 6 GHz band using passphrase-based authentication because it is part of WPA3-Personal security, which is mandatory for 6E devices in this band.
References: , Chapter 3, page 120; , Section 3.2
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NEW QUESTION # 64
During a post-implementation survey, you have detected a non-802.11 wireless device transmitting in the area used by handheld 802.11g scanners. What is the most important factor in determining the impact of this non-
802.11 device?
- A. Channel occupied
- B. Receive sensitivity
- C. Airtime utilization
- D. Protocols utilized
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 65
What is appended to the end of each 802.11 data frame after the payload?
- A. Preamble
- B. MAC header
- C. PHY header
- D. FCS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The FCS (Frame Check Sequence) is appended to the end of each 802.11 data frame after the payload. The FCS is a 4-byte field that contains a CRC-32 (Cyclic Redundancy Check) value that is calculated based on the contents of the MAC header and the payload of the frame. The FCS is used by the receiver to verify the integrity of the frame and to detect any errors or corruption that may have occurred during transmission. If the FCS does not match with the expected value, the frame is discarded by the receiver. References: , Chapter 4, page 139; , Section 4.2
NEW QUESTION # 66
An IEEE 802.11 amendment is in the daft state. What impact does this draft amendment have on the 802.11 standard?
- A. Devices will be released based on the draft amendment and the draft amendment features are part of the standard.
- B. No impact: Draft amendments do not become part of the standard until a working group is formed.
- C. The standard is changed to reflect the new capabilities as soon as an amendment enters the draft stage.
- D. No impact: Until an amendment is ratified, it does not become part of the standard.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
An IEEE 802.11 amendment is a proposed change or addition to the existing 802.11 standard, which defines the specifications and protocols for wireless LANs. An amendment goes through several stages of development, such as draft, sponsor ballot, and final approval, before it is ratified by the IEEE Standards Association and becomes part of the standard. Until then, it has no official impact on the standard, although some vendors may release products based on draft amendments to gain a competitive edge or to influence the final outcome of the amendment . References: [CWNA-109 Study Guide], Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals, page 25; [CWNA-108 Study Guide], Chapter 1: Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals, page 23; [IEEE website], IEEE-SA Standards Development Process.
NEW QUESTION # 67
What item is essential for performing a manual RF site survey for a warehouse facility?
- A. Low-gain omni antennas for APsmounted high on warehouse ceilings
- B. I-Beam mounting kits for hanging temporary access points
- C. Predictive site survey software that supports highly directional antennas
- D. A facility map with an explanation of applications used in each area
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 68
In which plane of the three networking planes is an access point configured by a WLAN controller?
- A. Control
- B. Management
- C. Security
- D. Data
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
An access point is configured by a WLAN controller in the management plane of the three networking planes.
The management plane is responsible for the configuration, administration, and monitoring of network devices, such as access points, switches, routers, and controllers. The WLAN controller communicates with the access point using a management protocol, such as CAPWAP or SNMP, to send configuration commands and receive status information. The control plane is responsible for the routing, switching, and forwarding of network traffic, such as data frames and control frames. The WLAN controller may also participate in the control plane by performing functions such as authentication, encryption, roaming, and load balancing. The security plane is responsible for the protection of network devices and data from unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure. The WLAN controller may also participate in the security plane by implementing features such as firewall, VPN, IDS/IPS, and WIPS. The data plane is responsible for the transmission and reception of user data, such as voice, video, or web traffic. The WLAN controller may or may not participate in the data plane depending on the architecture of the WLAN. In some cases, the access point forwards the user data directly to the wired network without involving the WLAN controller (distributed data forwarding).
In other cases, the access point tunnels the user data to the WLAN controller before forwarding it to the wired network (centralized data forwarding). References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 9: Wireless LAN Architecture, page 279
NEW QUESTION # 69
What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?
- A. The power output from the radio after cable losses
- B. The power output from the radio into the RF cable
- C. Power supplied from the transmission line to the antenna input
- D. The highest RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna
- E. Reflected power due to an impedance mismatch in the signal path
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 70
When antenna gain is reported in dBi, the gain of the antenna is compared to what theoretical radiator?
- A. Anthropomorphic radiator
- B. Isotropic radiator
- C. End-fire radiator
- D. Dipole radiator
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
An isotropic radiator is a theoretical point source of electromagnetic radiation that radiates equally in all directions. It has no physical dimensions and no preferred direction of radiation. It is used as a reference for antenna gain because it represents the ideal case of a perfect omnidirectional antenna12 Antenna gain is a measure of how well an antenna concentrates its radiated power in a certain direction. It is expressed in decibels (dB) relative to a reference antenna. When the reference antenna is an isotropic radiator, the antenna gain is denoted by dBi, which stands for decibels relative to isotropic12 For example, an antenna with a gain of 3 dBi means that it radiates 3 dB more power in its main direction than an isotropic radiator would. Conversely, an antenna with a gain of -3 dBi means that it radiates 3 dB less power in its main direction than an isotropic radiator would12
NEW QUESTION # 71
What factors will have the most significant impact on the amount of wireless bandwidth available to each station within a BSS?
- A. The layer 3 protocol used by each station to transmit data over the wireless link
- B. The number of client stations associated to the BSS
- C. The presence of co-located (10m away) access points on non-overlapping channels
- D. The power management settings in the access point's beacons
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 72
XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their existing building-to-building bridge link. A concrete wall on the roof of one building is partially blocking the Fresnel Zone, and the connection is dropping many frames. The administrator moves the antenna to an area not obstructed by the concrete wall and then realizes the RF cable cannot reach the new location.
If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, what are the likely results?
- A. The data throughput rate will increase because VSWR will decrease.
- B. The size of the Fresnel zone will increase.
- C. The antenna's azimuth beamwidth will decrease.
- D. The likelihood of a direct lightning strike will increase.
- E. The Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease.
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 73
You are installing an AP to be used by 27 laptops. All laptops will connect on the 5 GHz frequency band. A neighbor network uses channels 1 and 6. What channel should be used for this AP and why?
- A. Channel 1, because it is best to use the channel with the lowest frequency
- B. A 5 GHz channel, because channels 1 and 6 are 2.4 GHz channels they have no impact on the decision
- C. Channel 6, because it is always best to use this channel
- D. Channel 11, because channels 1 and 6 are in use nearby
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A 5 GHz channel should be used for this AP because channels 1 and 6 are 2.4 GHz channels and they have no impact on the decision. The 5 GHz frequency band offers more non-overlapping channels than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which reduces interference and improves performance. The 5 GHz frequency band also supports higher data rates and wider channel bandwidths than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which increases capacity and throughput. The 5 GHz frequency band also has less interference from other devices and sources than the 2.4 GHz frequency band, which enhances reliability and quality of service. Therefore, it is recommended to use the 5 GHz frequency band for WLANs whenever possible. Channels 1 and 6 are two of the three non-overlapping channels in the 2.4 GHz frequency band (the other one is channel 11). They are used by a neighbor network in this scenario, but they do not affect the channel selection for this AP because they operate in a different frequency band than the 5 GHz frequency band. Channel 6 is not always best to use; it depends on the interference and congestion level in the environment. Channel 1 is not best to use because it has a lower frequency than channel 6; frequency does not determine channel quality or performance. Channel
11 is not best to use because it is also a 2.4 GHz channel and it may interfere with channels 1 and
6. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 4: Antenna Systems and Radio Frequency (RF) Components, page 113
NEW QUESTION # 74
Three access points are used within a facility. One access point is on channel 11 and the other two are on channel 1. The two access points using channel 1 are on either side of the access point using channel 11 and sufficiently apart so that they do not interfere with each other when they transmit frames. Assuming no other APs are in the vicinity, is CCI still a possibility in this network and why?
- A. No, because the APs are far enough apart that no CCI will occur.
- B. Yes, because the client devices connected to one of the channel 1 APs will transmit frames that reach the other channel 1 AP as well as clients connected to the other channel 1 AP.
- C. Yes, because channel 11 loops around and causes CCI with channel 1.
- D. No, because CCI only occurs in the 5 GHz frequency band.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
CCI is still a possibility in this network because the client devices connected to one of the channel 1 APs will transmit frames that reach the other channel 1 AP as well as clients connected to the other channel 1 AP. CCI stands for co-channel interference, which is a type of interference that occurs when two or more devices transmit on the same channel within range of each other. CCI reduces performance and capacity because it causes contention and collisions on the wireless medium, which leads to retransmissions and delays. CCI can be mitigated by increasing physical separation between devices using the same channel or by reducing transmit power levels to limit coverage area. In this scenario, three access points are used within a facility. One access point is on channel 11 and the other two are on channel 1. The two access points using channel 1 are on either side of the access point using channel 11 and sufficiently apart so that they do not interfere with each other when they transmit frames. However, this does not prevent CCI from occurring between their client devices that are connected on channel 1. For example, if a client device connected to one of the channel 1 APs sends a frame to another device on the wired network or on another wireless network (such as an Internet server or a VoIP phone), that frame will be heard by both channel 1 APs as well as any other client devices connected to either of them on channel 1. This will cause CCI because these devices will have to wait for the channel to be clear before they can transmit their own frames. The answer that CCI only occurs in the 5 GHz frequency band is incorrect; CCI can occur in any frequency band where devices use the same channel. The answer that channel 11 loops around and causes CCI with channel 1 is also incorrect; channel 11 does not loop around and it operates in a different frequency band than channel 1. References: CWNA-109 Study Guide, Chapter 5: Radio Frequency Signal and Antenna Concepts, page 147
NEW QUESTION # 75
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Target Audience for CWNA-108 Test
This test is developed for admins in wireless technology who wish to gain solid experience in WLAN technology, how it works, and how it is managed.
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